Maximum mean recorded tentacle lengths (mean length mm, n = 6) for <i>Carukia barnesi</i> over a range of medusae bell sizes (niche bell height mm).

<p>Maximum mean recorded tentacle lengths (mean length mm, n = 6) for <i>Carukia barnesi</i> over a range of medusae bell sizes (niche bell height mm).</p

The number of tentacle twitches recorded for <i>Carukia barnesi</i>, over one minute intervals (twitch rate per minute), plotted against different tentacle extensions (percent extension).

<p>Video footage was analyzed in approximately 30 minute intervals (i.e. 6 specimens measured 9 times each).</p

<i>Carukia barnesi</i> mean tentacle extension, as a percentage, over 360 minutes, exposed to light (○, dashed line) and dark (△, solid line) treatments.

<p>Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals (n = 6).</p

Plantar pressures are elevated in people with longstanding diabetes-related foot ulcers during follow-up

<div><p>Objective</p><p>High plantar pressures are implicated in the development of diabetes-related foot ulcers. Whether plantar pressures remain high in patients with chronic diabetes-related foot ulcers over time is uncertain. The primary aim of this study was to compare plantar pressures at baseline and three and six months later in participants with chronic diabetes-related foot ulcers (cases) to participants without foot ulcers (controls).</p><p>Methods</p><p>Standardised protocols were used to measure mean peak plantar pressure and pressure-time integral at 10 plantar foot sites (the hallux, toes, metatarsals 1 to 5, mid-foot, medial heel and lateral heel) during barefoot walking. Measurements were performed at three study visits: baseline, three and six months. Linear mixed effects random-intercept models were utilised to assess whether plantar pressures differed between cases and controls after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, neuropathy status and follow-up time. Standardised mean differences (Cohen’s d) were used to measure effect size.</p><p>Results</p><p>Twenty-one cases and 69 controls started the study and 16 cases and 63 controls completed the study. Cases had a higher mean peak plantar pressure at several foot sites including the toes (<i>p = 0</i>.<i>005</i>, Cohen’s d = 0.36) and mid-foot (<i>p = 0</i>.<i>01</i>, d = 0.36) and a higher pressure-time integral at the hallux (<i>p<0</i>.<i>001</i>, d = 0.42), metatarsal 1 (<i>p = 0</i>.<i>02</i>, d = 0.33) and mid-foot (<i>p = 0</i>.<i>04</i>, d = 0.64) compared to controls throughout follow-up. A reduction in pressure-time integral at multiple plantar sites over time was detected in all participants (<i>p<0</i>.<i>05</i>, <i>respectively)</i>.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Plantar pressures assessed during gait are higher in diabetes patients with chronic foot ulcers than controls at several plantar sites throughout prolonged follow-up. Long term offloading is needed in diabetes patients with diabetes-related foot ulcers to facilitate ulcer healing.</p></div

Site-specific mean peak pressures over time in participants with DFUs and participants without DFUs.

<p>Figure indicates the mean peak pressure at ten plantar sites in cases (red) and diabetes controls (DM controls) (green) at each visit. The x-axis has been scaled to allow for better data visualisation. All values are in N/Cm² and are reported for 10 plantar foot sites. T1 = hallux (big-toe), T2-5 = toes two to five, M1 = metatarsal one, M2 = metatarsal two, M3 = metatarsal three, M4 = metatarsal four, M5 = metatarsal five, Mid = mid-foot, HM = medial heel and HL = lateral heel.</p

Clinical and demographical characteristics of the enrolled study cohort at baseline.

<p>Clinical and demographical characteristics of the enrolled study cohort at baseline.</p

Pressure-time integrals by group at baseline and during follow-up.

<p>Pressure-time integrals by group at baseline and during follow-up.</p

Clinical and demographic characteristics of the study cohort at each follow-up.

<p>Clinical and demographic characteristics of the study cohort at each follow-up.</p

Mean peak pressure by group at baseline and during follow-up.

<p>Mean peak pressure by group at baseline and during follow-up.</p

Association of rs1035798:C>T with death in HIMS subjects.

<p>N, number of individuals; MAF, observed minor allele frequency; HWE, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium chi-squared test P value; HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. Adjusted for CHD, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and WHR.</p><p>Association of rs1035798:C>T with death in HIMS subjects.</p